Moreover, it is well documented that in some cases the activity of TA systems stabilizes mobile genetic elements, therefore comprising an important mechanism of plasmids maintenance. The signaling pathway in such instances is often related to other stress-induced response pathways. In most cases various stress stimuli are responsible for TA system activation. Such toxic activity has been demonstrated to switch bacterial cells over to a dormant state, leading to cell death during prolonged exposure. However, their common feature is an enzymatic activity detrimental for the cell metabolism. These systems are wide spread among bacteria as well as archaea and evolved to carry out diverse functions. Components of such systems are encoded within polycistronic operons, often with partially overlapping open reading frames. ![]() Introduction The term “toxin-antitoxin system” usually abbreviated as “TA system” comprises a functional element consisting of a biologically active protein molecule and a corresponding inhibitor, whose nature and inhibitory mechanism depend on the system’s class affiliation. Existence of all the three operons has been confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using operon specific primers.ġ. Extensive promoter analysis of each toxin-antitoxin module was performed with BPROM (dissect the various transcription factors which may control the transcription of such novel identified putative TA modules in X. Later, phylogenetic as well as physiochemical analysis of each toxin-antitoxin pair was done. ![]() nematophila was extensively analyzed bioinformaticaly with NCBI server (Our results showed the presence of hipAB, ccdBA, yoeB-yefM toxin-antitoxin homologues at different loci in genome. nematophila has been completely sequenced and annotated version is available in the NCBI database. As the bacterium enters the stationary phase of growth cycle it secretes several extracellular products, which include lipase(s), phospholipase(s), protease(s), and several broad spectrum antibiotics in the insect hemolymph. nematophila can be grown under standard laboratory conditions. ![]() The bacterium is essential for effective killing of the insect host and is required by the nematode to complete its life cycle. Xenorhabdus nematophila is a motile gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is a natural symbiont of a soil nematode of family Steinernematidae.
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